Finding Factors That Effective Benefit Inclusion On...

The purpose of this article is to find factors that effective benefit inclusion in physical education. In this article they test teachers who are teaching adapted physical education and also regular physical education. All most of the teachers have taken classes in adapted physical education and inclusion in physical education. In being able to find ways that will improve the effectiveness of adapted physical education students they will be able to now the most effective way to better their learning and development. The author is writing this article to show the researched that they found on how to further the effectiveness of teaching students with disabilities. Also how some situations benefit these students in a positive manner but also†¦show more content†¦Summary of Study: This article is about being able to find ways to best accommodate students with disability so that they are able to participate and do what the rest of the other students in the class are doing. This was a study that was conducted at the University of Virginia and was done with 25 participants who are all teachers. These teachers are either professors, adapted physical educators, or regular physical educators. The study that was done was called, â€Å"Delphi approach and Analytical Hierarchy Process† (pg1).This study was able to identify five major factors that would contribute to successful inclusion for teaching students with a disability. The article also ranks the five factors from 1 to 5 in how they would be most effective in different areas and situations. The five major factors are positive attitude, support, modification, peer tutoring, and lastly additional in-serviced training. In the article it is shown how these five major factors can help with teaching a students with a disability. Lastly at the end of the article they explain each of the five factors and some of it benefits. The benefits for the five are the following: additional in-service are training in practical skills in IEP, and dialogue with immediate feedback for APE. Positive attitude are early participation in IEP, and not heavy work load. Support are reduction of class size, and meeting for

The Reformation Of England And Germany - 1282 Words

After the reformation had reached parts of England and Germany, John Knox started preaching the reformation to Scotland. Knox sought to win over the many Catholics that were in Scotland. He had many opportunities to preach at St. Andrews church and his teachings were very popular among the people. Due to his rising popularity and demand, one of the leaders in the church, Rough, asked him to consider taking a position in the church as a preacher. Knox quickly denied saying he wouldn’t take the position unless it was God’s calling on his life. However, Rough wasn’t letting him go that easily, the next Sunday Rough did a sermon on God’s will and calling and asked the congregation to express to Knox their desire for him to be their pastor. This brought tears to Knox’s eyes and he left the church and locked himself in his chambers for a couple days pondering his decision. Ultimately he took the call and began to preach at the church. Knox criticized the functions of the Catholic church in his sermons comparing certain aspects of it to Daniel 7:24-25. Knox said that the text, â€Å"showed that the lives of clergy, from popes downwards; how the doctrines of the Church, particularly that of justification through â€Å"works of man’s invention†; how ecclesiastical enactments such as clerical celibacy, compulsory fasting, and observance of days; and how such â€Å"blasphemous’ pretensions as those which claimed papal infallibility and power over purgatory—all combined proved that the Roman churchShow MoreRelatedThe Reformation During The 20th Century914 Words   |  4 Pagesthe church, in the religion, in the beliefs. The Reformation for such change began in the early 16th century, with the most prominent Reformations happening in Germany and in England. The reformation in Germany was led by none other than Martin Luther and while he wanted to reform the church and spread Lutheranism throughout Germany, Ki ng Henry VIII wanted an annulment and the power to control all aspects of England, however, both of these reformations were after one thing in particular, and that wasRead MoreThe Reformation And The Protestant Reformation876 Words   |  4 Pages The 16th century reformation is also known as the Protestant reformation. There are a various number of causes for the Protestant reformation. The causes of the reformation will be analyzed from two different perspectives: Germany s causes and Europe s causes. The results of reformation will be examined. Major contributors such as Martin Luther and John Calvin s perspectives and contributions will also be analyzed and the impact they had during their time period.  People in Europe during theRead MoreCauses Of The Protestant Reformation1635 Words   |  7 PagesThe Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious movement that took place in the Western church. Having far-reaching political, economic, and social effect, the Reformation became the basis for the founding of Protestantism, one of the three major branches of Christianity. Without the changes caused by the Renaissance during the fifteenth century, the Reformation would not have been possible (Haigh). Reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII challenged the Catholic churchRead More Reformation in continental Europe and England and its consequences1616 Words   |  7 Pages Reformation is the religious revolution that took place in Western Europe in the 16th century. It arose from objections to doctrines and practices in the medieval church, loss of papal authority and credibility as well as other societal, political and economical issues of the time. This revolution had a major impact on Europe and it gave way to short term and long-term consequences, which still can be seen today. There were many causes of Reformation, some go as far back as the fourteenth centuryRead MoreThe Beginning Of The Reformation1476 Words   |  6 PagesTask 1: Describe the beginning of the Reformation in Germany (including who, when, and where). â€Å"The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural uprising that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era. In northern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church’s ability to define ChristianRead MoreReformation in Continental Europe and England and Its Consequences1611 Words   |  7 PagesReformation is the religious revolution that took place in Western Europe in the 16th century. It arose from objections to doctrines and practices in the medieval church, loss of papal authority and credibility as well as other societal, political and economical issues of the time. This revolution had a major impact on Europe and it gave way to short term and long-term consequences, which still can be seen today. There were many causes of Reformation, some go as far back as the fourteenth centuryRead MoreThe Reformation And How It Shaped Our Western World1226 Words   |  5 Pageson October 31st celebrates the 500th anniversary of the Reformation. It started in Germany but then spread all across Europe. The Reformation was needed to help modernize Christianity but it also created divides in the Protestant Movement. What is interesting is that there were other movements within the Catholic Church that predated 1517, so what made Martin Luther so special. This paper will go in depth on the accounts of the reformation and how it shaped our western world. Some theorists justRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation1619 Words   |  7 Pagesbetter when multiple wars are started because of a disagreement in how to worship. The Protestant Reformation was a widespread epidemic that started with Martin Luther noticing severe problems in the way the Roman Catholic Church was running, an d that there were simple and more holy methods and worshipping God, leading to the creation of Lutheranism. There was an uproar in Germany over this new reformation, and it caught the attention of John Calvin who then strove to create Calvinism with the idea thatRead MoreWhat Were The Social Cause Of The Protestant Reformation?1289 Words   |  6 PagesWhat were the social causes of the Protestant Reformation? The bible was being made more accessible than ever. One of the things that led to more people interpreting the bible is that it was translated into everyday language. Another was the fact that the printing press was enabled that allowed multiple copies of the bible to be made. Previous to this, scribes would have to write every bible by hand and this could take years, just for one of them. Another factor was the fact that there was increasedRead MoreThe Reformation And Its Effects On The World1356 Words   |  6 PagesThe Reformation and its Effects on the World. â€Å"Out of love for the truth and the desire to bring it to light, the following propositions will be discussed at Wittenberg, under the presidency of the Reverend Father Martin Luther, Master of Arts and of Sacred Theology, and Lecturer in Ordinary on the same at that place (Luther).† With these words Luther began the long war against the Catholic Church, that would later become known as the protestant Reformation. It would be one of the largest forces

A Brief Analysis on Ronald Dwo... free essay sample

A Brief Analysis on Ronald Dworkins Theory of RightsAccording to Ronald Dworkin, the fundamental distinction within political theory is between arguments of principle and arguments of policy. Arguments of principle are arguments intended to establish an individual right, while arguments of policy are arguments intended to establish a collective goal. (Regan, 1978) Under this hypothesis, Dworkin emphasized the significance of individual rights which was further developed a kind of precedence in his work Rights as Trumps: Rights are best understood as trumps over some background justification for political decisions that states a goal of the community as a whole. We will write a custom essay sample on A Brief Analysis on Ronald Dwo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Dworkin, 1984, p. 153) This endowed individual rights with the priority to override the communitys goal because once an individuals gains a certain right, the behavior and individual liberty protected by the right should be defended even against the goals of the community or the state. Therefore, from Dworkins perspective, the government is forbidden to trade individual rights for well-being on a collective sense, which has been highly advocated by the Utilitarianism theories, such as Jeremy Benthams Greatest Happiness Principle that warns individual against pursing his own happiness that may lead to greater pain for a society as a whole.However, treating rights as trumps is a relatively dangerous argument. It is worth noticing that in a real card game, trump cards are discarded because of their unrivaled power that would contribute to the victory of the card user. In many occasions, the collective goal behind laws and public policies is to utilize natural, economic and political r esources while to minimize any harm that might be caused by abuse of individual rights. Therefore, when trump cards are remained in a card game, what will be impaired is the protection against harms by means of constitutional laws, criminal sanctions and regulations. This protection manages to prevent harm that would be imposed on any individual victim, or any social groups, or even the whole community. For instance, in the case Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah, the Supreme Court of United States of America held that an ordinance passed in Hialeah, Florida, forbidding the unnecessary killing of an animal in a public or private ritual or ceremony not for the primary purpose of food consumption, was unconstitutional. (1993) In the conclusion part, Justice Anthony Kennedy argued that religious beliefs need not be acceptable, logical, consistent or comprehensible to others in order to merit First Amendment protection. (1993) While protecting freedom of religion, this judgment may permit or even encourage deliberate animal killing under the name of religious errand or other noble causes, which could do harm to animals well-being.In Taking Rights Seriously, Dworkin created a famous metaphor of the timid lady on the streets of Chicago to demonstrate that members of a society only have a right to have enforced only those criminal laws that he would have a right to have enacted if they were not already law. (Dworkin, 1977) In other words, an individual rights only reside in those laws that allow him to participate in the process of legislation because he himself is directly involved in what those laws would prescribe. Laws against personal assault might be classified as this kind of law because those vulnerable members, as the minority, are in need of protection prescribed by law. However, in the Chicago ladys case, Dworkin refuted those rights that benefited society as a whole: The timid lady on the streets of Chicago is not entitled to just the degree of quiet that now obtains, nor is she entitled to have boys drafted to fight in wars she approves. There are laws—perhaps desirable laws—that provide these advantages for her, but the justification for these laws, if they can be justified at all, is the common desire of a large majority, not her personal right. If, therefore, these laws do abridge someone elses moral right to protest, or his right to personal security, she cannot urge a competing right to justify the abridgment. She has no personal right to have such laws passed, and she has no competing right to have them enforced either. (Dworkin, 1977)When Dworkin claimed that the collective goal of maintaining a safe community or a quiet street is not justified by individuals rights, this collective goal may symbolize the free will of the governed. With regard to Immanuel Kants rights theory, freedom of choice could be reflective of a generalized form of individual rights even though direct and substantial individual rights are not involved in collective actions. The reason is that any action is right if it can coexist with everyones freedom in accordance with a universal law, or if on its maxim the freedom of choice of each can coexist with everyones freedom in accordance with a universal law. (Kant, 1991, p. 56) What is more, Dworkins demonstration of the timid Chicago ladys lack of individual rights in laws for collective interests is not logically sufficient for his conclusion that individual rights should override collective goals.When celebrating the superiority of individual rights, the collective goal of maintaining every citizens well-being would be under threat. In my opinion, the collective goal of making the community safer not only includes those relatively abstract public interests, such as protection against foreign invasion, but also more specific ones scattered in every aspect of our daily lives: protection from parental abuse, assurance of lowest living standards and basic education, elimination of pollution and public dise ases. They are more or less related to the personal life of every citizen: one may not be entitled to how safe streets in Chicago are, but when he is actually walking in it, his property and personal safety will be under threat if a group of street gangsters are waiting in the corner. In this situation, Dworkins idea not only depreciates the value of collective goal, but discourages individuals from using their free will to make personal judgments on public issues as well. As long as someone is not entitled to a certain thing, like a boy who is not drafted to fight in the Vietnam War, or a man who has never suffered from gender discrimination towards female, his preference for Gulf of Tonkin Resolution or Affirmative Action will not be based on his own rights, but his unjustified common desire as a member of the majority. This decreases the credibility of individuals words in public, and even may create moral discrimination towards those who have not directly participated in certain affairs.In Justice for Hedgehogs, Dworkin argued that when evaluating those principles guiding the collective life of a society, the criterion should be whether individual rights have been exercised thoroughly with enough freedom and protection, rather than the fulfillment of moral duties of legislators. (Dworkin, 2011, p. 209) The individuals rights, instead of duties of legislators, should act as the lighthouse in the development of law-making. When we come to political morality, rights plainly provide a better focus than duties because their location is more precise: individuals have political rights, and some of those rights, at least, are matched only by collective duties of community as a whole rather than of particular individuals. (Dworkin, 2011, p. 208)Compared to individuals rights, the duty of lawmakers might be a relatively clearer criterion for measuring advantages and disadvantages of legislation. On the theoretical level, lawmakers are not only empowered with the right to create laws, but also the duty to ensure that they are practicing this right responsibly. While abusing this right, namely acting out of the margin of constitutional restrictions is considered as inappropriate, dereliction could also be a form of injustice. To avoid infringing upon any kind of individual rights, lawmakers may remain a passive attitude and stop enacting laws that would improve collective well-being, leaving their citizens with complete individual rights but only private means to exercise them. However, only with the criterion that individual rights are maintained, one cannot identify whether legislatures are taking their responsibility correctly and fully or not.For Dworkin, the political principles behind law share the common characteri stics that require members of a society to collectively respect and protect individuals rights to decide for themselves the meaning of a good life. Any kind of collective coercion that sacrifices individuals idea of good life is not allowed, because government must not abridge total freedom when its putative justification relies on some collective decision about what makes a life good or well-lived. We must each make that decision for himself: that is the core of our ethical responsibility. (Dworkin, 2011, p. 232) However, this may create moral dilemmas: what if an individuals concept of good life collides with social norms and conventions? For instance, begging has always been a problematic issue for Springfield, a city in Illinois. There once lived President Abraham Lincoln whose heritages attract thousands of tourists to visit the town every year. Both panhandlers and business owners view the tourists as an unprecedented commercial opportunity. By 2007, says Victoria Ringer, head of Downtown Springfield, the begging problem was out of control. (Heppermann, 2014) Panhandlers may consider that a good life comes from begging $10 to buy a meal by asking tourists waiting to see Lincolns House, knocking on car windows while they were stopped at red lights, and interrupting people on restaurant patios. However, their behavior may impose negative influence on tourists experience in Springfield and may even lead to declining of the local tourism industry. In 2007, Springfield, Illinois passed an ordinance that outlaws panhandling in its downtown. If Dworkins good life theory is applied, this ordinance would be opposed by the panhandlers freedom of leading a good life which in fact impairs the interests of tourists and local tourism industry. Social problems caused by panhandlers are a reflection of the good life moral dilemma which would trouble not only legal scholars in theoretical reasoning, but judges and policy-makers in actual cases as well.One of the theoretical basis for Dworkins rights as trumps might be individualism that has been shaping American culture and nourishing the idea that individual rights are the priority of American society. Individualism supports the notion that interests of the individual should attain the same position as, or even achieve precedence over p ublic interests or interests of a certain social class, while opposing external interference upon ones own interests by society or institutions such as the government. (Briddle, 2012) When the conflict between individual rights and collective interests arises, Doctor Naskars advice is the one reflective of American characteristics: You must hiss at people who intend to undermine your individuality and its ensuing rights with their false pride of Collectivism and intellectual stupidity. You must frighten them away, lest they should do you harm. Act like you have a lot of venom inside you, but never inject them into anyone. (Naskar, 2016. p. 29) Therefore, exuberantly brandishing the value of ones individual rights and combating against collective interests creates a rhetorical image of the American hero: an individual audaciously striving out a path that other did not dare to try, a Ulysses standing with himself to confront the power of the government and institution that prohibits him from exercising his individual rights. At the same time, other individuals, communities, and even the state may fall victim to the harms caused by his gloriously outrageous behavior under the name of exercising individual rights. For instance, the protagonist of the movie Three Billboards outside Ebbing Missouri, Mildred Hayes, whose daughter was murdered after being raped, has been urging the local police station to capture the murder for years. During the process, Hayes broke the dentists fingernail with electric drills, and burned the local police station and Dixon who was reading a letter inside, causing great damage to individual victims and the police force as a whole. Even with a justified, or even gallant goal of finding out the criminal, Mildred, the American hero appreciated by the audience, did impose a hugely negative impact on collective interests.In conclusion, Dworkins rights as trumps theory may overemphasize the importance of rights while overlooking the harm-preventing function of collective goals. His argument that the criteria to evaluate principles guiding the collective life should be individual rights rather than moral duties of legislators may fail to notice legislatures dereliction and passiveness: lawmakers may choose to do nothing rather than to do too much. Similarly, when Dworkin claimed that individuals should have rights to decide for themselves the meaning of a good life, a series of moral dil emmas, such as whether panhandlers should have right to beg will emerge. One of the reason for Dworkins perception of rights might be individualism in American culture. In a society that is almost excessively wary of obstacles to individual liberty and personal rights, harms caused by abuse of rights are tend to be depreciated or even neglected. References1. Regan, D. H. (1978), Glosses on Dworkin: Rights, Principles, and Policies. Michigan Law Review.2. Dworkin, R. (1984). Rights as Trumps. In: Wasdrom, J. Theories of Rights. Oxford: University Press, 1984.3. Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. Hialeah, 508 U.S. 520 at 524 (1993).4. Dworkin, R. (1977). Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.5. Dworkin, R. (2011). Justice for Hedgehogs. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 6. Heppermann, A. (2014). The Right to Beg. Life of the Law, Vol. June, 2014.

The Role of the Christian Protestant Reformation in the Middle Ages Essay Sample free essay sample

The Reformation began. non as a split or an effort to destruct the Catholic church. but as an effort to reform it. Men such as Martin Luther were unhappy with patterns within the church. In 1517 this exploded as reported in The History of Chrsitianity when Luther nailed a list of 95 of his Thesiss to the church door in Wittenburg. It was originally jus t off of conveying into argument the divinity of indulgences. Peoples at the clip had a really existent fright of purgatory and believed that they could merely be forgiven for their wickednesss by priests. The Reformation served to open the argument about this and many other thoughts. The authorization of the Pope had already been challenged by the Waldesians. a group that began as Catholic. but were subsequently labelled as dissident. Peoples began to read the Bibles for themselves alternatively of trusting upon the church. They made their ain picks alternatively of allowing all determinations be made by the hierarchy of the church. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of the Christian Protestant Reformation in the Middle Ages Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Luther continued to believe in infant baptism. but many reformed groups choose to baptize trusters merely. grownups who were able to make up ones mind for themselves about such things. Within the Catholic church at that place began the motion known as the Counter –Reformation as detailed by Robert Linder in his article ‘Rome Responds’ . At first the church seemed to be incognizant of the dissatisfaction that many were experiencing. Later they realized that Luther was a menace to their authorization. Later they would react positively by reforming the pontificate. keeping the oecumenic Council of Trent. the Oratory of Divine Love was established to emphasize reform along broad lines. Many new groups came into being and the church was renewed with fresh energy and was able to spread out. So on both sides there were positive actions as a consequence of the actions of on vitamin E grumpy monastic fired by what he felt the Bible was learning. Bibliography Atkinson. J. 1977.Reformin A Lion Handbook of the History of Christianity. Hertfordshire. Lion Printing Linder. R. 1977.Rome Respondsin A Lion Handbook of Christianity. Hertfordshire. Lion Printing